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1/5/2021

AR400 vs AR500 Steel Plate

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AR400 and AR500 Explained

Some 4,000 years ago, steel made its first appearance. Over the centuries, various cultures improved upon the original formula, eventually developing the types of steel used today. This alloy has established its place in virtually every industry imaginable and has endless uses. While numerous types of steel are on the market, some aren’t recommended for certain applications.
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In many instances, abrasion-resistant steel plate is the best choice. Though there are variations of this type of material as well, AR400 and AR500 are the most commonly used. We’re going to delve into both of these steel plate options to further explain their similarities, differences, and potential uses.
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What Is Abrasion-Resistant Steel?
Steel is the prime choice for a long list of applications because of its many useful qualities. It’s strong, durable, long lasting, resistant to corrosion, versatile, cost effective, and even recyclable. That said, different types of steel have their own strong suits.

As the name indicates, abrasion-resistant steel plate has an uncanny ability to withstand ongoing rubbing, scraping, grating, and other wear that might weaken other variations of steel. It gets its abrasion resistance from carbon and other elements that are added during its formation as well as specialized processing strategies.
Both factors detract from the strength of steel plate to an extent but make it less vulnerable to wear. They also ramp up its malleability and certain other traits depending on whether it’s AR 400 or AR 500 steel. This makes it less than ideal for building structures and some other uses while rendering it perfect for other purposes, which we’ll discuss further shortly.

What Makes AR Steel Plate So Resistant to Abrasion?
While the chemical composition of AR steel helps to fortify its sought-after qualities, that’s only part of the bigger picture. It’s also through-hardened. That means it’s hardened throughout rather than only being reinforced on the surface as some types of steel plate are. This comes from quenching and tempering.
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During the quenching phase, steel plate is heated to 1,500 degrees or so. Then, it’s immersed in water to cool it quickly. This causes crystals to form within the steel, making it harder. From there, it’s tempered, or heated to around 500 degrees, and allowed to cool slowly and naturally. This second round of heating breaks down the crystals in the metal, but they reform during the slow cooling stage.

How Is AR Steel Plate Rated?
Different rating systems apply to steel. For AR steel plate, the main grading system is the Brinell Hardness Test. Plates are given a Brinell Hardness Number, or BHN, based on their level of hardness. In the case of AR400 steel plate, 400 is the plate’s nominal hardness, and it has a hardness range of 360 to 440. For AR500 steel plate, the nominal harness is 500, and its range is 460 to 544. AR450 and AR600 steel plates are also available, but they’re a bit less common.

Differences between AR400 and AR500 Steel Plate
Many people may think that a 100-point spread wouldn’t make much of a difference in the inherent qualities of steel plates. In truth, AR400 and AR500 steel plates are quite different. As alluded to earlier, the differences come from their alloy components and the specific quenching and tempering processes used in their creation.
For AR400, chromium is added to improve the steel plates’ hardness and resistance to corrosion. Molybdenum increases hardness as well, but it also helps prevent the steel from becoming too brittle to work with after being tempered. AR400 steel plate has a yield strength of 155,000 PSI and a tensile strength of 180,000 PSI.

What is AR500 steel plate made of? Aside from the typical metals used to form steel, manganese is added to the mix to create this type steel plate. This increases its strength and pliability though it’s less malleable than AR400. It holds up well against wear, impacts, and constant use and can be welded. AR500 has a yield strength of 200,000 PSI and a tensile strength of 225,000 PSI.
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Uses for AR400 and AR500 Steel
Both types of steel plate have several uses, and they’re difficult to wear out even when subjected to continual abuse. Overall, AR steel plates are chosen for projects in which strength is important but not as crucial as resistance to friction, impacts, and other hazards. They’re also commonly used in situations where a distinct balance between hardness and brittleness is needed.

For projects that require more formability, AR400 is most likely the better option. It’s not as hard as AR500, so it’s not as difficult to bend and shape. If your project needs to withstand excessive impacts; sliding across hard, rough surfaces; and other similar hazards, AR500 will serve you well.

AR400 steel plate is often used for digging, scraping, and mining equipment as well as many other types of heavy machinery. It’s also used in steel mills, pulp and paper production facilities, and handling of bulk dry goods among many other applications. It may also be used for dump truck and storage bin liners, trailer bodies, and various automotive components.

Some of the common uses for AR500 steel plate overlap those of AR400. Still, it offers greater longevity and durability than its softer counterpart. It’s used for construction machinery, concrete handling equipment, and plows to name a few possibilities. It’s also used for body armor, targets, and other comparable applications because the AR500 steel caliber rating is higher than that of AR400.  

In a Few Words
Steel is used in countless ways, including constructing buildings and bridges, building ships, manufacturing vehicles and appliances, fabricating tools, and creating heavy machinery. Abrasion-resistant steel plate isn’t recommended for building high-rises, bridges, and other structures that need to bear extremely heavy loads. Still, it certainly has its own lengthy list of purposes.
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Though several types of steel plate are available, AR400 and AR500 are the most widely used. They offer increased impact resistance, longevity, and versatility for the many situations in which those traits are needed more so than higher levels of strength. Keep all this information in mind, and don’t hesitate to reach out for further assistance with choosing the right option for your upcoming project. ​​
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12/23/2020

​Different Types and Grades of Bolts and Their Uses

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​Different Types and Grades of Bolts and Their Uses

Several considerations come into play when you’re planning and carrying out a project. You have to determine what you’ll be using the finished product for, the correct dimensions of the structure or item you’re building, how to approach the project, and which materials to use to name a few of the main considerations. While the figures, your skills, and the materials will factor into how sturdy and reliable the end results are, they’re only as good as the bolts you use to put everything together.

Taking a Closer Look at Bolts
Before diving into the nuts and bolts of the matter, it’s important to cover just what bolts are. By definition, they’re fasteners with threaded shafts. Once they’re inserted into the materials they’ll hold together, a nut is threaded onto the shaft to provide sturdiness and prevent movement. Washers are sometimes added to the mix to increase stability as well.

Bolts shouldn’t be confused with screws, which create their own holes and don’t require nuts or washers. When comparing the two, bolts inevitably give you more strength and resistance to damage. Numerous types and sizes of bolts are available, each of which has its own benefits and applications.
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Common Bolt Materials
Bolts can be made of a range of materials, including aluminum, brass, bronze, steel alloys, and stainless steel. Not all of them work well in every situation. Some just don’t have all the qualities you need for certain applications.

Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys
Aluminum bolts are lightweight, aesthetically pleasing options that provide ample corrosion resistance under some circumstances. That said, this material can corrode when it’s paired with certain other materials.
Other metals are often added to aluminum to increase bolts’ strength and resistance to extreme temperatures. Bolts made of aluminum aren’t the strongest choices, but they’ll hold up in lightweight applications.

Brass
Made by combining copper and zinc, brass is a beautiful metal for bolts and other types of hardware. It’s resistant to corrosion and offers electrical conductivity, but it’s fairly soft. That means it doesn’t provide much in the way of tensile strength.

Bronze 
Bronze is composed of copper with tin and silicon added to the mix. Bronze bolts are often used in applications where they’ll be exposed to salt water or spray because of their superior corrosion resistance. Though bronze is stronger than brass, it’s still not the prime choice for most heavy-duty uses.

Steel and Steel Alloys
Steel is one of the most popular and versatile materials for bolts. It’s strong, durable, corrosion-resistant, and capable of holding up to extreme conditions. Steel bolts are often treated or coated to enhance their positive qualities. You might find them in galvanized or zinc- or chrome-plated varieties. An array of steel alloy bolts is also available for various purposes.

Stainless Steel 
Made of low-carbon steel and chromium, stainless steel gives you strength, durability, corrosion resistance, and many other highly sought-after qualities. Though most stainless alloys can’t be heat-treated, some can be hardened to further boost their tensile strength and endurance. Stainless steel bolts are used in a number of applications.

Consider those points when deciding which types of bolts will work best for your project. While each material offers corrosion resistance and a certain amount of strength, aluminum, brass, and bronze are only appropriate for relatively lightweight applications. Stainless steel is more versatile, and steel bolts are likely to serve you well in virtually any situation.

Covering the Different Grades of Bolts
Now that we’ve gone over the basics of bolts and the different materials they may be made of, let’s move along to the various grades of bolts on the market. Three distinct grading systems are used for bolts: SAE, Metric, and ASTM. Higher grades can withstand greater force and weight, and higher numbers translate to higher grades.

SAE Grading System
The SAE grading system was developed by the Society of Automotive Engineers. Several grades are distinguished in this system, but the three most common are 2, 5, and 8. You can determine the grade by looking at the head of the bolt.

If an SAE bolt has no markings on its head, it’s a grade 2, meaning it has a tensile strength of about 60,000 pounds per square inch. This is your average hardware bolt.

Grade 5 bolts are set apart with 3 raised marks on their heads. They’re stronger than grade 2 bolts and can withstand about 100,000 PSI of force. These bolts are often used in the automotive field.

Grade 8 bolts are heat-treated and have a tensile strength of 150,000 PSI. They’re best for heavy loads and high stress. They have 6 raised marks on their heads. Essentially, you count the raised marks on the heads of SAE bolts and add 2 to get their grades.
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Metric Grading System
Metric bolts have two numbers on their heads separated by a decimal point, and they’re graded according to the International Standards Organization, or ISO. Their numbers represent their property class. The number on the left side of the decimal point is the load strength whereas the one on the right tells you the spread between the breaking and bending loads. You’ll see certain common classes of bolts in the metric grading system.

Class 8.8
Steel metric bolts rated 8.8 are made of medium carbon steel that has been quenched and tempered. Those measuring less than 16 millimeters are rated for a proof load of 580 MPa with a minimum yield strength of 640 MPa and a minimum tensile strength of 800 MPa. These types of bolts ranging from 16 to 72 millimeters have a proof load of 600 MPa, a minimum yield strength of 660 MPa, and a minimum tensile strength of 830 MPa.

Class 10.9
If you see a steel bolt with 10.9 on its head, it’s made of a quenched and tempered steel alloy. Bolts in this category range from 5 to 100 millimeters and will withstand a maximum tensile force of 830 MPa. They have a minimum yield strength of 940 MPa and a minimum tensile strength of 1,040 MPa.

Class 12.9
Class 12.9 steel bolts range in size from 1.6 to 100 millimeters and stand up to a proof load of 970 MPa. Their minimum yield strength is 1,100 MPa, and their minimum tensile strength is 1,220 MPa. They’re heavier-duty bolts and useful for many purposes.
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ASTM Grading System
ASTM grades were developed by the American Society for Testing and Materials. They’re characterized by the letter A followed by a series of 3 numbers. They’re comparable to SAE bolts. An A325 bolt offers close to the same properties as an SAE grade 5. An A490 corresponds to an SAE grade 8 bolt. The ASTM equivalent of a grade 2 SAE bolt would be A307.

Keep in mind, these are the more widespread bolt grades. Others are available as well. As mentioned, higher numbers indicate higher strength regardless of the grading system used. Now, with general bolt grades explained, we can focus specifically on stainless steel bolts.

Covering Common Stainless Steel Bolt Grades
Stainless steel bolts are often chosen because of their strength, longevity, and corrosion-resistant nature among other strong suits. If they happen to obtain surface damage, those nicks and scratches won’t compromise the qualities of the metal. Various types of stainless steel are available, and they have different grade markings than other types of bolts.

Austenitic stainless steel contains 15 to 20 percent chromium and 5 to 19 percent nickel. Bolts made of this type of stainless steel offer the highest level of corrosion resistance. They have a tensile strength of 80,000 to 150,000 PSI. Austenitic stainless steel bolt grades include 302, 303, 304, 304L, 316, 320, 347, and 348.

Martensitic stainless steel is magnetic but doesn’t weld very well. It offers an intrinsic tensile strength of 180,000 to 250,000 PSI and, unlike some other types of stainless, can be heat-treated for further reinforcement. Common bolt grades in this type of stainless steel are 410, 416, 420, and 431.

Consisting of 15 to 18 percent chromium, ferritic stainless steel has a tensile strength of 65,000 to 87,000 PSI but can’t be heat-treated or welded. Though ferritic stainless steel bolts can resist corrosion, they’re not recommended for applications where they’re likely to be exposed to highly corrosive substances. Popular stainless steel bolts in this category include 430 and 430F.

Wrapping Things Up
In a nutshell, numerous types and grades of bolts are at your disposal. While aluminum, brass, and bronze are great for aesthetic appeal and lightweight applications, steel and stainless steel are best for heavy-duty loads. Consider the grades of the metal you’re going to use when choosing the right bolts for your project as well. ​
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12/23/2020

How Many Screws Will I Need for my Metal Roof?

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How Many Screws Will I Need for my Metal Roof?

Are you considering replacing your asphalt roof with metal roofing instead?  More and more homeowners, contractors, and commercial businesses are starting to turn to metal for their roofing needs and there’s plenty of reasons why it’s such a popular choice. 

Metal roofing is long-lasting, durable, resistant to the elements, and far more energy-efficient than asphalt roofing.  However, as with any style of roofing you need fasteners to install it properly and avoid leaks and constant upkeep.  People often get stuck trying to determine how many fasteners they need to purchase and what types to get.  This article will explain the different types of metal roofing, its benefits, how many fasteners you need, and the correct spacing and installation. 
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​How to Determine the Correct Fastener Spacing & Installation
When you want to determine the exact placement and screw spacing for metal roofing there is several factors to consider.  Correctly installing your metal roof begins with using the correct tools, and that means using a screw gun and placing the screws properly.

You should attach the screws for metal roofing at both sides of the ribs on both eaves and anywhere the panels overlap.  It is recommended to place the screws on the inside flat of the panel--not on the top of the rib.  If you attach it on the top of the rib it can prevent a tight seal from forming and could cause leaks.

Attaching the screw on the rib could also cause it to tilt, stretching the screw hole until it’s bigger than the washer hole which then breaks the seal.  Rib placement could also cause the screw to pull out of the roof if the wind is high or the conditions extreme.  That’s why it’s better to fasten the screw on the inside flat area where it will easily and securely fasten to the panel.  But how many screws do you need exactly?

How Many Screws Will You Need: Two Easy Formulas 
Even if you are a beginner at roof installation if you can use a calculator, then you can easily determine how many screws for metal roofing your project will require.  There are two easy formulas to remember when determining the amount of screws you should purchase:

  1. Calculate the square footage of your roof project and then multiply it by 80% (sq. footage x .80)  
  2. Each 100 ft. roofing square requires 80 screws, multiply 80 by how many roofing squares you will need for your entire project
However, you will need more screws for your metal roofing installation project than just what the panels require.  The trim and panel sidelap require fasteners as well.  Here are two more easy formulas for determining how many trim screws your project needs:
  1. Every lineal foot of flashing or trim will require one lap screw (a special screw for fastening together metal on metal panels where they overlap)
  2. For the panel sidelap, divide the total square footage by 3 and then take that number and divide it again by 1.5
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​Advantages of Using Screws Instead of Nails for Your Metal Roofing Project
Using screws instead of nails as a fastener when installing a metal roof offers several benefits.  For starters, screws just plain have better holding power than nails.  After a few years, nails can actually work themselves loose due to the roof contracting and expanding with the weather.  Screws will never work themselves loose because of their thread patterns. They also will not bend when put under intense heat like a nail does.  
Not only are screws stronger, but they also stay put better due to their threads and can be easily reversed out and replaced if necessary.  When they’re installed using a screw gun, screws are much faster than hammering a nail and actually provide better, more accurate control over placement. 

Different Types of Metal Roofing
If you are thinking about replacing your roof and installing a metal one instead then one of the first decisions you will make is which type of metal to use.  Each type has its own different aesthetic and its own different advantages.  The different types of metal roofing include:
  • Aluminum: Good for both your home or a commercial setting, aluminum is an extremely light and long-lasting metal.  It also has superior corrosion and oxidation resistance.
  • Copper: Considered by many to be the most aesthetically pleasing choice, people choose copper despite the higher cost due to its extreme weather and puncture resistance. 
  • Tin: Using tin is the least common option, but it’s starting to become more popular as time goes on.  Homeowners who like to make an impression often choose tin over other more common roofing metals or asphalt.
  • Zinc: One of the most common choices is Zinc.  Zinc actually has self-healing properties, and can even recover or ‘heal’ from damage over time and under the correct conditions. 
  • Steel: Steel is both affordable and the most sustainable option for metal roofing.  It is extremely strong, easy to work with, and lasts a very long time. 

Benefits of Installing Metal Roofing
Businesses and homeowners who install metal roofing choose it for a reason!  There are a variety of advantages and benefits to having metal roofing as opposed to asphalt or any other kind of roofing. 
  • Durable: Metal is extremely durable and can last up to 50 years as opposed to 10 or 20 with traditional asphalt roofing. 
  • Better for the Environment: Metal is the most environmentally sustainable option for roofing.
  • Low Maintenance: Since it’s so durable and strong, metal requires almost zero upkeep in the years after its installation. 
  • Weather and Sun Resistance:  The sun can cause asphalt roofing to fade over time.  Metal fades less and can withstand harsh climates or the sun’s UV rays with minimal damage. 
  • Superior Insulation: Due to it’s insulating properties, installing a metal roof can actually decrease your energy bill by 10-15%!  Insurance companies might even give you a discount on your policy.
 
What Other Materials Will You Need?
Before you start installing your metal roof, you want to make sure you have a few other products and tools that you’ll need to properly complete everything.  Here are a few different products recommended when using screws for metal roofing, including:
  1. Hardening foam for the edges of the eaves and valleys
  2. Vented or non-vented ridge foam
  3. Panel fasteners (screws)
  4. Ice and water shields for colder climates and nails to install them
  5. Trim screws, rivets, and flashing
  6. Hand benders and a pair of tin snips, preferably extremely sharp for ease in cutting
  7. Sealant for the roof, such as caulk
  8. Touch-up paint to finish off the final cosmetic details

Final Thoughts on Metal Roofing and Determining Which Materials You Will Need
Metal roofing is an excellent option for just about any roofing project you may come across, whether it’s for a house, shed, or even a commercial application.  Screws are usually the best fastener to use when installing a roof no matter what type of metal or application.  As long as you follow the proper installation instructions and place the screws on the flat of the panel, you will end up with a long lasting, virtually leak-proof and environmentally sustainable roof that can also save you money on your energy bills.  It’s no wonder so many homeowners are making the switch from asphalt to metal!
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12/21/2020

​WHEN IS THE BEST TIME OF YEAR TO REPLACE THE ROOF?

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​WHEN IS THE BEST TIME OF YEAR TO REPLACE THE ROOF?
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Spring and early summer are usually cost-effective times to have roof mended or substituted, as it is generally a slower period of the year for roofing industries, and the labor and resource costs tend to be lower.
The majority of the roofs are composed of asphalt shingles. If the roof is approaching the end of its lifetime, it is time to think about roof replacement possibilities. But remember the best time of the year to have a new roof installed may not be what you think.
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SUMMER?
The start of summer is a great time to get your roof swapped. In the middle of summer, when the temperature is at the highest in many areas, it may not the best time. Many roofing companies fix roofs all summer long, but the heat and humidity make it unpleasant for the workers and also affect the roofing materials. The high heat can unstiffen the asphalt in the shingles, making them less sturdy and durable during installation.
 
WINTER?
It is perhaps assumed that winter is not the best time to replace a rooftop, for apparent reasons. Aside from the snow, the cold temperature can harden the roofing materials. Shingles could even crack while installing them. Tools that roofers use do not work quite well in cold temperatures, and sealants will not be applied as efficiently; shingles take much longer to obey to one another than in higher temperatures.
 
SPRING?
If you are planning to get your roof refurbished or substituted in spring, only if conceivable, you might as well get it done in the fall. If your roof is weakening or even has some little complications, these issues will only deteriorate over winter as the snow piles up, melts, and refreezes. If you are not having any difficulties with your roof, spring could still be a great time to swap it. It is not typically as busy in the roofing business as later in summer and the fall so that materials may be less costly.

FALL?
The perfect weather of the year for the installation is in the fall. When the temperature is around 45 and 85F. The cooler temperature permits roof workers to work longer hours without getting exhausted, plus the mild climate makes installation way easier.
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Shingles then have time to seal successfully and are prepared to take on elements throughout the harsh winter. With that being said, it also falls one of the busiest times for installation every year. Be sure to plan and get in touch with the roofing contractor before their schedule is filled.
 
For any help, feel free to reach out to us!

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12/21/2020

​The Basics of Metal Roofing Installation

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​The Basics of Metal Roofing Installation

Property owners looking to upgrade their existing roof need to consider metal roofing. This roofing material conserves energy and withstands the elements, allowing it to hold up for years to come. The installation process, however, remains very complex, and people find they must know the exact instructions for the product selected, as they vary by brand. In addition, owners find they need a team to complete this task, as it is one they cannot tackle alone, along with fall protection equipment tailored for roof work. The following explains how professionals install metal roofing, although the installation team must follow the manufacturer’s instructions exactly. Be sure to read through them before any work begins for the best results and to avoid delays
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Choose the Roofing Materials
Metal roofing materials vary greatly. As a result, property owners must first determine which material is best for their structure. The following materials serve as the most common options today when a person decides on a metal roof.

Aluminum
Aluminum roots are lightweight and rustproof, making them ideal for coastal climates where the roof receives regular exposure to salt water. However, aluminum roofs require painting and they dent readily. These known issues may deter some property owners.

Copper
Copper roofs remain the choice of many individuals, as this material is visually appealing. In addition, it never rusts or requires painting. With metal roofing installation, however, copper stands as one of the harder materials to place. Furthermore, it’s costly at the time of purchase. Nevertheless, copper roofs withstand severe weather, are fire resistant, and are lightweight so they don’t put a lot of stress on the structure.

Corrugated Metal Roof Panels
In the past, many property owners ignored corrugated metal roof panels. However, they continue to gain in popularity for a variety of reasons. The energy efficient panels resist corrosion, and their strength appeals to many.

Steel
While steel roofing materials come with a high price tag, people need to consider them as a viable option because they last a lifetime. Galvanized steel stands as the most common type of steel roofing seen today, which manufacturers make with a soft zinc layer to safeguard the inner layers. Install the steel roof over asphalt to ensure noise doesn’t become a factor.

Tin
Tin roofs have become the choice of many because of the low cost and ease of installation. This helps to explain why it remains the most commonly seen type of metal roofing today. In many cases, manufacturers use aluminum or galvanized steel to construct the roof, but this means occupants of the structure hear a little noise when it is windy or rainy outside.

Zinc
A softer metal, zinc is long lasting and resists corrosion. In addition, owners find they can recycle this material when replacing or repairing the roof. However, it comes with a higher price tag and remains susceptible to damage from hail or extreme weather. For this reason, installers typically only recommend this type of roof in areas where the climate is mild.
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Measure the Roof
Measure the roof to determine the length and width and then calculate the slope. To do so, head up to the attic and set a carpenter’s level on the underside of a rafter. Next, measure the rise or vertical distance from the one-foot mark on the level to the rafter’s underside or run. The slope is the rise over run. When the roof has a vertical height of 12 inches, the slope is 12:12 or 1.0 when written in decimal form. Multiply the slope by the area of the roof to get the total square footage. When ordering supplies, add ten percent to the square footage to account for any waste, and order screws at the same time. This ensures the colors match.

Manufacturers recommend metal roofs for roofs with a 4/12 pitch or greater, although the roofing materials can be installed in roofs with a pitch of 2/12. The installation team must take additional steps when the pitch is less than 4/12.

Gather All Materials
Get the roofing materials, including screws used to hold the materials in place. Other items needed when installing a roof consist of claw hammers, drip edges, gutter accessories, patches and sealants, vent pipe flashing, and transition flashing. Wear the appropriate gear while carrying out this project, which includes work boots, safety goggles, and welding gloves. However, don’t assume this is everything needed when installing a roof. The instructions provided by the manufacturer might call for additional products, which is one of many reasons the installers must read them first. Nobody wants to be up on the roof only to discover they are missing one or more items and need to return to the store to get them.

Remove Old Roofing
A solid roof starts with a good foundation. Remove the old roofing material from the structure, including vents, underlayment, and flashing. Nail down any large nails exposed during the removal process and inspect the sheathing for damage. If needed, make the necessary repairs before installing roofing insulation. See what the roofing manufacturer recommends for this insulation and use that when possible.

Edging
Next comes the roof edging. Place the edging or metal eave flashing along the exterior of the roof using 1-¼-inch nails to secure it. At the edge of the roofing, install corner pieces anywhere a bend meets the edge. When the structure has gutters installed on the eaves, place the flashing so it will overhang the gutter lip by one-half inch. Now it is time to lay the panels.

Measure and Cut Panels
When installing metal roofing for houses or other buildings, always start square. The vertical lines of the panels must run square to the eave. If the first panel is askew, every other panel is going to be off as well. The roof may be slightly off, so make certain to adjust the panel so it runs square with the eave rather than lining it up with another feature of the roof.

Measure the first panel and cut it to fit if necessary. A circular saw with the appropriate blade, nibblers, or hand shears work best for this task, but take care when using the saw or nibblers. They create hot metal particles that may leave rust marks on the roofing materials or burn the paint surface. In addition, watch for filings left by the screws. The product warranty doesn’t cover damage in these situations, so avoid them when possible.
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Once you cut the panel to the appropriate size, begin the installation process at the roof’s gable end opposite the prevailing rain bearing wind. This step remains of great importance as it ensures any rain driven by the wind won’t penetrate the lap. Allow the panel to overlap the edging by ½ to ¾-inch, ensuring the panel remains square.

Lay the larger edge so the small edge on the next panel overlaps it. Use roofing squares to secure the panel, placing a screw vertically along each panel rib. Don’t overtighten the screws. Work to seal the washer under the head of the screw without it shifting or bulging. Using 100 percent silicone sealant, run a bead down the underside of the next panel’s short edge.

Install this panel, ensuring the short lip overlaps the large one. Screw the panel into place. When you do so, the silicone spreads to create a seal. Continue in this manner until all panels are in place.

Installing Shingles
Some property owners choose to use shingles as opposed to panels, and the installation process differs somewhat when using metal roofing shingles.  Begin the shingles at the drip edge and secure them to the roof with the help of metal nails customized for roofing projects. Start at the lower corner and work up from there, staggering the shingles diagonally to ensure there aren’t any gaps.

Most shingles are secured to the roof with the help of metal shingle clips, and these clips often are system specific. Get this information before the installation process begins to avoid issues or the need to visit the store once the work has begun. Furthermore, read the literature accompanying the shingles, as manufacturers provide installation instructions. A failure to follow the instructions could lead to the warranty being voided.
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Ventilation 
Roof vent installation kits play an important role in a successful roofing project. Determine where the vents will go and measure the housing of the vent. Mark the area on the roof, allowing for the vent opening where it sits on the roof. Using a skill saw, cut the opening in the roofing materials. The finished cut should allow you to see into the attic when completed. Put sealant around the edge of the hole and set the vent into place. Screw down the vent using the provided fasteners, drilling starter holes where needed.
Seal around the vent lip on the outside of the roof. Go into the attic and do the same to the vent and opening on the interior. Cover the vent opening and secure it.

Flashing
Finish the project by installing the flashing. This metal trim covers the joints where sections of the roof come together. This ensures water doesn’t congregate in these areas and keeps the materials dry. The flashing easily bends, so bend it until it forms a v-shape. Set it over the corners and the top roof ridge to redirect the water. Make certain this material overlaps the roof edge by one inch, as this helps to ensure the water moves away from the joints.

Safety
Safety must always be a priority when carrying out a roofing job. Wear the appropriate protective gear at all times to avoid injuries, including the proper footwear. Never work around electrical wires or low branches. Have the electric company handle the wires before the project begins and remove any low-hanging branches to ensure they don’t cause problems as the project moves forward.

Don’t prop a ladder up against the house and head up to the roof. Make certain you secure it at the base and again where it meets the roof. Before climbing up or down the ladder, test it to see if it moves when you put weight on it. The appropriate fall protection equipment must be used at all times and anchor the system to the roof studs as directed in the user’s manual.

While you now have an overview of what the installation of a metal roof involves, this guide only provides the basics. These projects tend to be complex and come with a high level of risk, as the installation team is working above the ground. One misstep could lead to a catastrophe. For this reason, many people choose to leave the work to the professionals. However, care must also be taken when choosing a provider for this job.

Choosing a Roofing Provider
When choosing a provider to install roofing, avoid those companies that come door to door. Research any company you are considering using to make certain they have experience with installing metal roofing. Furthermore, if you have selected a roofing system, learn what experience they have with that product. Manufacturers often provide training when they introduce a product of this type, and the installers you choose should take part in that training if it is available. In addition, make certain they have the proper licensing and insurance as required by the state. This protects you in the event something goes wrong during the project. Never take their word for it either. Verify the information they provide before hiring them. Protect yourself above all else and spend time researching different companies to find the one that is right for the project you would like to have completed.

Whether you choose to take on this task yourself or call in the professionals to do the work, make certain all steps are carried out properly. The roof serves as a critical component of the home, one that protects the interior of the building and its occupants. Never cut corners when having work carried out. Doing so costs more in the long run. If you have any doubts regarding your ability to complete this job, call on the pros. They’ll ensure the work is done right the first time. ​​

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12/19/2020

Types of Pipe Fittings

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Types of Pipe Fittings

For experienced professionals, navigating the complex world of plumber pipes and fittings is a breeze. Unless they have industry experience, this is rarely the case for the average homeowner. The average plumber supply store carries many types and sizes of pipe fittings made from diverse materials.
 
Choosing the right fitting requires careful attention to the job at hand. Once home handymen know what they plan to do and what kinds of pipes they will be working with, it's time for them to start investigating options. Homeowners can find out everything they need to know to find the right plumbing products below.

Pipe Fitting Materials
Most fittings are made of the same material as the pipes they are meant to join. That means a plumber fitting PVC pipes generally wants to purchase PVC fittings, while someone fitting copper pipes would want to buy copper fittings, and so on. There are, however, a few exceptions to the rule.

  1. PEX fittings are usually made of either metal or plastic
  2. Some fittings are designed for transitions between different material pipes
  3. Exposed fittings are usually made of chrome-plated brass or copper rather than plastic
 
Determining which material will be right for the job is the easy part. Choosing the right fitting type can be much more complicated. Let's take a look at the types of pipe fittings to clarify some misconceptions and intended uses.
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Elbow Fittings
Elbow fittings are used to join pipes of the same or different diameters in situations where the direction of flow must be altered. Stock options are available in three angles: 90o, 45o, and 22.5o. To join pipes of the same size, use normal elbows. To join pipes with different diameters, use reducer elbows.

Reducer Fittings
Reducers are designed to allow uninterrupted water flow between two pipes of different sizes. Concentric reducers are cone-shaped, while eccentric reducers feature a parallel edge to prevent cavitation.

Tee Fittings
Tee fittings are shaped like the top of a "T," meaning they have one inlet through which water enters and two outlets arranged at 90o angles to the inlet. Tee fittings with similar-sized inlets and outlets are called equal tees, while fittings with dissimilar-sized outlets and inlets are called unequal tees.
 
Homeowners will also have their choice of straight tees and reducing tees. The first is used to run pipes of the same size as the tee branch. The latter is used to connect tee fittings that are smaller than the pipe.

Cross Fittings
Cross fittings feature four openings connected at a central point. One of the openings is an inlet, while the other three are outlets. The outlets typically feature solvent-welded sockets or female threads. Cross fittings are used almost exclusively in fire sprinkler systems.

Couplings
There are two types of couplings: compression and slip. Compression couplings are used to connect two pipes of the same diameter and generally feature rubber gaskets or seals on each side.
 
Slip couplings consist of two pipes. The inner pipe slides into the outer one, allowing plumbers to alter the length accordingly. Both types of couplings are used primarily to replace damaged sections of pipe.

Unions
Unions serve a similar function to those of couplings. They're designed to prevent water leaks where two pipes of the same diameter meet. The primary difference is that while couplings are permanent, unions can be removed. They consist of a nut with male and female threaded ends, allowing homeowners to detach them without risking damage to the pipes.

Olets
Plumbers use olets when standard fittings aren't suitable. There are many types of olets, each of which is used for a different purpose. Standard olets include:

  • Threaded
  • Elbow
  • Nipple
  • Lateral
  • Flange
  • Sweepolets
  • Butt-weld olets
  • And socket-weld olets

Plugs
Plugs are designed to close pipe openings. They usually feature male threads and are commonly installed during repairs or plumbing inspections. Plumbers use plugs when they plan to remove them instead of leaving them in place.

Caps
Caps are similar to plugs, but they're meant for long-term use. They feature female threads designed to be screwed directly onto the pipe. When installed correctly, caps are both liquid- and gas-tight.

Adapters
Adapters are used to connect different-sized pipes or change the connection type for similar-sized pipes from male to female and vice-versa. They come in three types: straight-thread, male, and female. Plumbers use them primarily for extending or terminating pipe runs and transitioning from piping to tubing.

Pipe Nipples
Pipe nipples connect pipes to appliances. They can also be used to connect straight runs of pipe. They feature two male ends and come in five types:

  1. Weld
  2. Hexagon
  3. Swage
  4. Barrel
  5. Close

Barbs
Barbs have one male end and one tapered end. They're used primarily in gas and air vent pipes, but can also be used in low-pressure water pipes. The barb's tapered, ridged cone end is designed to grip the tube or pipe's inside to provide a permanent seal.

Saddle Tees
Saddle tees have one specialized application: they're used to add tee fittings to pipes without requiring contractors to make extra cuts or welds. They're commonly found in irrigation systems.

Wyes
Wye fittings feature one inlet and two outlets that leave the fitting in a 45o branch. They are used to connect vertical and horizontal drain pipes, where the angle helps to reduce friction and turbulence.

Flanges
Flanges are used primarily in industrial settings since they can handle greater amounts of pressure than most residential fittings. They're used to connect pipes and form a seal. Residential applications for flanges are generally limited to pumps and mounting toilets to floors.

Bushings
Bushings are similar in appearance to small screws. Their use is similar to that of reducers, but they are generally smaller and are often used to connect small-diameter pipes to large-diameter fittings.

The Bottom Line
This article has covered the most common plumbing fittings used in residential settings, but it's not a comprehensive list. Homeowners who are having trouble figuring out what they need can contact a customer service representative. There may be a more specialized product that will be a better fit for the application.

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12/19/2020

About: Plumbing Pipe

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About: Plumbing Pipe

​Plumbing Pipe Types
The average building owner doesn't think much about his or her plumbing lines when they're working properly. When something goes wrong or it's time to buy materials for a remodeling project, all that changes.
 
Figuring out the right options can be a challenge because there are multiple types of pipe materials and each of them is used for a different purpose. Whether homeowners intend on completing their own plumbing projects or they just want to better understand their plumbers' advice, they can find out everything they need to know about these materials below.

PEX Pipes
PEX is short for polyethylene cross-linked pipe. It is a type of plastic tubing that's much better than a galvanized pipe for water supply. PEX pipe is:

  • Much more flexible than other options
  • Corrosion and rust-proof
  • Affordable to install, repair, and replace
  • Compatible with multiple connection methods
  • Easy to cut
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These unique benefits help to explain why older homes' galvanized pipe is quickly being replaced with PEX and other more modern alternatives. They allow plumbers and home handymen to use PEX pipe in a variety of freshwater transfer applications.
 
PEX pipe can be attached to water distribution manifolds to bring fresh water to sinks, showers, and water-using appliances. Since each pipe has an independent shut-off valve, plumbers or home handymen can shut the water off to one fixture in order to make repairs without having to shut off the main water line.
 
Most PEX pipe is also color-coded to make it easier to keep home plumbing systems organized. Plumbers traditionally use red PEX pipe for hot water lines, blue for transporting cold water, and white pipe for multi-purpose lines.

PVC Pipes
PVC, short for polyvinyl chloride, is most commonly found in sewage systems. It's only suitable for low-pressure, low-temperature applications such as drain traps, vent pipes, and repairs or replacements of cast iron drain pipes. PVC pipes come in multiple diameters and schedules, so it's important to choose the right one.
 
For a while, PVC was considered the de facto home standard for wastewater. It is inexpensive and easier to work with than most alternatives since it can be cut easily with a hacksaw. However, it is also prone to leaking at connections, and it is prone to both heat and sun damage.

Copper Pipes
Copper pipes have been in use for far longer than either PVC or PEX pipes. They're just as common in older homes as they are in new construction. This material can be used for both water lines and gas pipeline.
 
Most water supply lines feature type M rigid copper. Types K and L are also common in other plumbing and gas lines. Flexible copper is used primarily for short water supply runs such as tubing for refrigerators or dishwashers.
 
Copper's popularity can largely be attributed to its versatility and corrosion resistance. It can develop pinholes or rupture due to freezing, though. Installing copper pipes is also a job best left to professionals since it requires the use of a propane torch. Homeowners should only attempt to install or repair copper pipes themselves if they have sufficient experience with soldering to ensure a proper seal.

ABS Pipes
These black pipes look a lot like PVC in a different color. They come in the same sizes and schedules and are used for some of the same purposes. The difference is that they're made from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), which is slightly more impact-resistant than PVC.
 
ABS used to be common in new construction and was used as both drain and vent pipes. These days, that's rarely the case. While the material is stronger than PVC, it is equally prone to warping at high temperatures or under direct sunlight and its use is often precluded by local building codes.

Chromed Brass Fixtures
Chromed brass is used primarily in exposed drains, traps, and other plumbing fixtures where aesthetics are important. It is more expensive than PVC but can be installed by homeowners if they have the right tools and experience. Chromed brass can be cut using nothing more than a hacksaw and parts can be joined together using simple slip fittings.

Galvanized Iron Pipes
Before the advent of man-made materials like PVC and PEX piping, galvanized iron was one of the most common materials used in plumbing supply lines. The reason it's no longer used in new construction is that it is prone to corrosion and rust.
 
Galvanized iron must be cut and joined off-site by a trained professional. Most homeowners who plan to replace galvanized iron pipes do so by installing copper or PEX alternatives. These days, the only place galvanized iron pipes can be found is in older homes.

Black Iron Pipes
While galvanized iron has fallen largely out of favor, black iron is still relatively common. It looks a lot like galvanized iron but is used primarily for gas lines. Like galvanized iron pipes, black iron pipes must be cut and fitted by a professional. It's common to find them in gas supply lines for water heaters, boilers, furnaces, and other home heating appliances.
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Cast Iron Pipes
It's very rare to see cast iron used in new construction, but older homes often have cast iron wastewater pipes. This strong, long-lasting material is very difficult to work with. Cutting and fitting it requires specialized tools such as cast-iron pipe cutters, lead and oakum pipe joints, and either hubbed fittings or hubless couplings with pressure bands.
 
Homeowners with older properties may eventually need to repair or replace cast iron pipes. The best materials for replacing outdated cast iron wastewater lines are PVC and ABS, though the latter may not be allowed by building codes.

Choose the Right Materials for the Job
These days, home handymen and plumbers alike tend to prefer PEX pipe for freshwater supply and either PVC or ABS for wastewater pipes. Black iron or copper are equally popular for gas lines. The best way for contractors, plumbers, and home handymen to choose the right material is always to contact a plumbing supplier or pipe manufacturer directly.

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12/19/2020

Metal Roofing: Pros and Cons

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Metal Roofing: Pros and Cons

The Benefits and Drawbacks of Metal Roofs
A roof serves as an investment in your home, which is why a person must weigh all roofing options before deciding on a material. Residential metal roofing continues to increase in popularity, and many homeowners now look into this option when the time comes to replace their current roof. Before deciding, however, they must know the metal roofing pros and cons to ensure this offers what they need for their residence.

Metal Roofing Has Come a Long Way
When a person thinks of a metal roof, they may bring to mind green panels commonly seen on industrial buildings in the past. The metal roofing industry recognized people want choices with their roofing materials and now offers a range of design and color options to meet their clients’ needs. Vertical panels remain an option, but today consumers find they may also choose metal designed to mimic high-end architectural roofing.
Regardless of what the consumer decides on, metal roofing offers the performance and recyclability people have come to know with this material in its many other forms. This eco-friendly option comes with one of the highest returns on investment as well. Add to this the durability of metal and its ability to resist many common hazards, and it’s a wonder that more people don’t choose this option. The following summarizes the benefits and drawbacks associated with metal roofing residential applications.
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Durability
Metal roofs often last a lifetime. Today, most metal roofing products come with a manufacturer’s warranty of 50 years or more. In fact, copper roofs often outlast the owner, with some remaining on homes for 100 years. In addition, these products come with the best ratings in the industry when it comes to fire, impact, and wind resistance. However, the materials require little maintenance, something many owners appreciate. This depends on the material selected for the roof, and the installation team becomes of great help in comparing and contrasting the different metal options along with the advantages and drawbacks of each.

Environmentally Friendly Roofing
Metal roofing serves as an environmentally friendly option for those concerned about their impact on the planet. Many metal roofing manufacturers use recycled materials to create their products, and the owner may recycle the old metal roof to keep objects out of the landfill.

Steel roofing materials can be reused with no loss of strength. A steel roof on a home today could function as a roof on a home hundreds of years in the future. In addition, this type of roof serves as the perfect foundation for other eco-friendly measures, such as rainwater harvesting and solar panels.

Furthermore, owners learn they can choose a cool roof color to reflect solar heat. This reduces the burden of the cooling system during the summer months while still allowing the residents to remain comfortable while at home.

Curb Appeal
Metal roofing manufacturers produce a wide range of color and design options to make certain every customer finds the combination that best compliments their home’s architectural style. This includes detailed replications of traditional materials, including wood shake and slate. Other people cannot distinguish between the traditional materials and the metal roof in most cases, allowing an owner to have the home they love at a reasonable price.
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Weight
One reason many homeowners avoid traditional materials such as clay and slate when choosing a new roof involves the weight of these materials. They add to the stress placed on the structure, which may lead to the need for a structural assessment before any work begins. Avoid this step by choosing a metal roof that imitates these materials and get the best of both worlds.

Drawbacks of Metal Roofing
However, as with any roofing material, metal roofs come with some drawbacks. Homeowners must know these disadvantages when determining if a metal roof meets their needs.
​
Cost
Although metal roofs cost less than slate, wood shake, or tile roofs, they come with a higher price tag than asphalt shingles. This shouldn’t discourage homeowners, however, as maintenance costs over the lifespan of the roof are less with metal roofs. Calculate the cost of an asphalt roof and a metal roof to get an accurate picture of the true cost over the years.

Location
The location of the home plays a role in the suitability of a metal roof for a home. Corrosion becomes a concern when the home sits near salt fog and saltwater. Review the warranty provided by the manufacturer to ensure you comply with the recommendations. No person wants to learn they voided their warranty by using a metal roof too close to saltwater.

Installation
The complexity of many metal roofing projects should not deter individuals. Skilled contractors require more time to complete some roofing systems than they would the same asphalt shingle roof. However, the time required to install a slate or wood shake roof runs about the same as the time required to install these high-end metal roofing systems.

Most problems seen with metal roofing systems occur because of installer error. Avoid this by choosing a contractor with a proven track record when it comes to these jobs.

Furthermore, some men and women find they struggle to locate a skilled metal roofing installer. Never choose a company that handles asphalt shingle roofing jobs and only takes on metal roofing projects occasionally. Avoid this by choosing a contractor with a proven track record when it comes to these jobs. Ask whether they have undergone specialized training by the manufacturer and what members of the team have done the same. Training becomes of great importance with this task, as minor errors can lead to major issues down the road.

Metal roofing doesn’t serve as the perfect choice for every home, but it is one option that should never be overlooked in your search for a new roof for your residence. As more people learn about the benefits of metal roofs, they will increase in popularity. However, a roof is only as good as the installer and the manufacturer that stands behind its products. Never settle in these two areas, as this is your home. It needs to be the best it can be in every way. A metal roof goes a long way toward achieving this goal.

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12/19/2020

About: Steel Bar Grating

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​​About: Steel Bar Grating

There are two main categories of steel bar grating: galvanized and bare. Both have been used extensively in industrial construction and municipal engineering for decades.
 
All forms of steel grating are durable and feature high strength-to-weight ratios, but the choice between galvanized and bare grating is still an important one. Contractors, engineers, and property owners can read on to find out what they need to know about these two types of steel grating and their unique applications.

The Similarities Between Bare and Galvanized Grating
Bare and galvanized grating have far more in common than they have differences. Both are incredibly strong and durable, and the early stages of manufacturing are the same. They can be manufactured using four techniques:

  • Welding
  • Dovetail pressure locking
  • Swage locking
  • And riveting
 
Choosing the right manufacturing method is largely a matter of accounting for the intended use. For now, though, let's continue to focus on finishes.
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The Difference Between Bare and Galvanized Grating
There is only one key difference between bare and galvanized steel grating. While bare grating is not coated, galvanized grating receives a coating during manufacturing that helps to protect it against rust and corrosion.

Common Applications for Bare Steel Grating
There are many industrial applications for grating. Bar grating comes in many configurations to accommodate different uses, but most forms have a large percentage of open area between the bars. In their ungalvanized form, these types of grating are perfect for:

1. Catwalk Floors
Industrial catwalks are elevated pedestrian walkways. They can feature either plain or serrated surfaces, and in all forms, they are cost-efficient and nearly maintenance-free. Common sizes of bar grating used for catwalks include 19w4 1" x 3/16" and 1 ¼" x 3/16" options. Both feature open designs that allow for plenty of ventilation and meet most fire regulations.

2. Mezzanine Floors
Mezzanine floors can be found in facilities such as warehouses, distribution centers, and manufacturing plants. Since they are located high up, they must be properly ventilated and allow for fire suppression sprinkler penetration. The same types of bar grating used to construct catwalk floors can also be used on mezzanines.

3. Paint Booth Grating
Paint booths are designed to create a specialized space for applying paint. They're enclosed on three sides, but the fronts are left open and often feature bare bar grating. The open space provided by the grating lets hot air flow through the structure to facilitate faster drying times.

4. Industrial Racks and Shelving
The racks and shelving found in warehouses and freezers must withstand heavy loads. Steel grating is perfect for this application. It's strong, affordable, fire-resistant, and has impressively high load limits.

5. Stair Treads
For stairs found inside industrial facilities, bare grating makes excellent tread. It can be manufactured for both load-bearing capacity and slip resistance and typically features welded carrier endplates and nosing. In outdoor applications, galvanized steel grating is a better option for stair treads.
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Common Applications for Galvanized Steel Grating
For indoor structures in consistently dry environments, bare steel grating works just fine. Outdoors or in high-moisture environments, it's a different story. Galvanized steel is a much better option. Here are a few common industrial applications that require galvanized steel grating:

1. Trench Drain Covers
When choosing steel grating for drainage, galvanized steel is always the better option. It's perfect for covering trench drains in both indoor and outdoor applications. Galvanized steel can resist not just water, but also chemical spills and other potential contaminants. It allows the liquid to drain through while maintaining a stable walking surface and allowing gas to be evacuated safely.
 
There are several sizes of drain cover grate. Contractors generally choose a size based on overall load conditions. For pedestrian use only, 1" x 3/16" grating is standard. For heavy-duty applications, much larger 4" x 3/16" bars may be required.

2. Sump Covers
It's not just trench drains that can benefit from galvanized steel grating. This material can also be used to cover sump pits designed to collect water or liquid chemicals. Galvanized steel grating will prevent larger objects from entering the pit without impeding the flow of liquids. It can be cut to size to ensure that it will fully cover the sump and designed to withstand even heavy loads from construction vehicles.

3. Railcar Grating
Galvanized steel grating is used extensively on freight cars and locomotives. It can be found in brake steps, walkways, platforms, running boards, and elsewhere. The grating used on locomotives and railcars is typically serrated to increase grip and is welded to spacings of 25, 26, or 27 with 4" centers for cross rods.

4. Loading Ramps
Loading ramps make it easier to get large or heavy cargo into and out of trucks. Steel grating is strong enough to withstand the combined load of heavy equipment like forklifts and their cargo. Since loading ramps are often used outside, they should feature galvanized grating to minimize rust and corrosion when the grating comes into contact with snow, water, oil, or other liquids.
 
When choosing steel grating for loading ramps, keep vehicle compatibility in mind. Both mobile and stationary loading ramps usually feature bearing bars aligned with the expected traffic direction to improve traction and ensure sufficient load-bearing capacity.

5. Platforms
Platforms can be found in refineries, factories, power plants, and elsewhere. They resemble mezzanines, but they aren't the same. While mezzanines are intended for indoor use and cover only part of the floor space, platforms are designed to be installed outdoors. They also encompass the entire floor and may be equipped with railings. Steel grating is so common in this application that it's sometimes referred to as "platform grating."

Find the Right Product for the Job
Just about all industrial applications for steel grating require some engineering knowledge for proper installation. An engineer can identify the required load-bearing capacity and bar spacing based on the expected use. However, those who are having trouble finding the right products for specific jobs can always contact a grating manufacturer with questions or concerns. These knowledgeable experts can help customers find the perfect stock or custom grating product.
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12/19/2020

Carbon Steel vs Stainless Steel

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Carbon Steel vs Stainless Steel

​What is the Difference Between Carbon Steel and Stainless Steel?
Steel is a commonly used material for a variety of products and tools that are used in almost every aspect of life. Steel is an alloy of iron and another type of metal or metals. Steel has no more than 2% carbon content. If the alloy is above 2% carbon, it is cast iron and not steel. 

The various combinations of different metals with iron can create very different types of steel. Of the many different combinations that can be combined to create steel, two are the most commonly used types available, stainless steel and carbon steel. Choosing the best steel is often determined by the particular needs and desires of the finished product. 

What is Carbon Steel
When determining what is carbon steel and what is not, the basic answer depends on the carbon content of the alloy. Carbon steel tends to have a higher carbon content than most steel. It tends to have a carbon content of 0.05% to 2.1%. Anything that falls into that range is considered carbon steel. However, there are great differences between the low carbon and the high carbon steel products.

High carbon steel is very hard and much stronger than lower carbon steels. It is great for use in tools and other such products. Unfortunately, high carbon steel can become brittle when put under extreme stress and is more likely to crack than bend. It is also less ductile than its counterparts.

Low carbon steel tends to be a lot cheaper to make. Unfortunately, under stress, it can become bend or deform instead of breaking. This type of carbon steel is also easier to use in manufacturing and is more ductile than other carbon metals. It is great for products such as car body panels, bolts, and steel plates.
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What is Stainless Steel
When determining what is stainless steel and what is not, the basic answer is that stainless steel has a chromium content of at least 10.5%, in addition to its iron and carbon content. The addition of chromium is what makes stainless steel so remarkable. The reacts with oxygen to create a barrier that protects the steel from corroding.

Iron, when it becomes exposed to moisture, can oxidize or rust. This corrosion can weaken the metal and destroy many of its beneficial properties. The addition of chromium prevents that from happening. This rust prevention can also be improved by increasing the percentage of chromium or adding other metals, such as nickel.

The addition of chromium also makes the steel more heat-resistant. As with the protection from rust, the more chromium, the better the steel. The lower the content, the cheaper and less durable the product will be.
​

Stainless steel is often used when the product will be used in areas where moisture exposure is likely or where rust can be detrimental to the functionality of the product. Stainless steel is also more aesthetically pleasing and can be given different finishes to offer a variety of options for appearances.

Stainless steel is a perfect option for any kitchen item. It is durable and is unlikely to rust in the conditions of a kitchen. It is also attractive and provides the perfect aesthetic for cutlery, appliances, and home fixtures.  ​
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​Which is Better Carbon Steel or Stainless Steel
When comparing carbon steel vs stainless steel, it can be difficult to determine which is the better product without having the context of the use of the metal. Each steel has benefits and detractions that could make it difficult to find the overall best product. The best option is to consider their attributes and determine if they match the planned use of steel.

Corrosion
Stainless steel has the biggest advantage in the resistance to corrosion. If the metal is to be used in an environment where corrosion is highly likely, stainless steel is the clear choice. Carbon steel is very prone to rust and deterioration over time. There are paint options available that can provide some protection for carbon steel that could be beneficial if corrosion is only a secondary issue.

Finish
In general, stainless steel has a much more appealing finish. It can be treated in various ways to provide a more aesthetically pleasing look that does not tarnish. Carbon steel can be treated or painted to give it a better appearance. However, this paint may need to be reapplied from time to time.

Strength
Although stainless steel is rather strong and durable, carbon steel has an advantage in the strength department. The higher the carbon content, the stronger the carbon steel can be. This can be a great benefit if the application requires great strength.

Ductility
Ductility is how easily a metal will bend or stretch without cracking. In general, stainless steel can be more ductile than carbon steel due to its higher amounts of nickel. However, if stainless steel has a higher carbon content it may not be as ductile as low carbon steel.

Weldability
Stainless steel has a lower thermal conductivity than carbon steel. This can make it harder for it to weld. Carbon steels can weld easier, however, the higher the carbon content the harder it may become. Often, those with higher carbon content must be preheated before welding.

Cost
In general, stainless steel is far more expensive than carbon steel. However, there are some aspects to consider when determining the pricing of steel. For example, the strength and durability of stainless steel may allow less steel to be used. Its resistance to corrosion can also make it last longer than carbon steel. Carbon steel may need to be painted and repainted from time to time. This can increase its overall cost.

Choosing the right type of steel for a project can be a difficult choice. Many factors must be considered to determine the right choice. Both metals provide many of the same benefits with some inherently different qualities that could make all the difference in the decision.
​
Contacting a fabricator or company experienced in creating metal products could be beneficial in helping to determine the right metal for the job.

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